Arts Education Essays :: Education

1. Describe how recent advancements in technology (since 1975 or so) have changed the arts and arts education. Answer: Since 1975 or so there has been many changes in technology that have affected arts education. Advancements in technology such as the internet, computers, and more art education programs have played a major effect. Before this era students could not really get the full picture of visual arts unless the instructor has the actual prints. The students did learn about colors, elements, and the ideas of art, but not students are not only learning about these things, but they can actually see these important elements. This came about primarily due to the internet. Students now can log on the internet and find pictures made by any artists. Also, since this era art has become very important in the concept of learning. I believe that people now realize that art education isn't just for fun, but it's a way that students can think beyond the books and explore the world through art. Computers have played a major role in this development of art. It's very important because students can l earn the different eras of art such as the neoclassical era and romanticism. I know that when I think of art I just think of drawing and painting, but now I believe that art can relate to almost anything. Everything in life is art and with the advancements of technology students can see that this is true. Art history is very important because we can see how the advancements of art have changed over time. For example in music there used to be barely any instruments and composers would make art through voice and now since we have advance so much in technology music today is very complex, usually filled with many instruments and heavy sound. Art education and the arts itself have changed dramatically throughout the years due to the advancements in technology. 2. Describe (A) the stylistic trends and innovations and (B) the characteristics of the art works from one historical period of your choice. During the contemporary period many new stylistic trends and innovations came about. This era was the post war era and occurred after the holocausts of World War II as well as the Nazi death camps where the first use of atomic weapons were put to use.

Interesting Narrative Essay

â€Å"Who are we looking for, who are we looking for? It’s Equiano we’re looking for. † –those are the words from a chant about the disappearance of an African boy. The disappearance of Olaudah Equiano has become a subject for a national folklore. All along the sixteenth – nineteenth centuries thousands of Africans captured in West Africa had been shipped to be sold in slavery. Many of them wrote about their hard life’s experiences. Precisely in this way, by creating poems and autobiographies, the so-called slave narratives have been born. â€Å"The interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Written by Himself† is one of them. That is a really an interesting narrative. But it is attractive not only because of its plot or author’s writing skills. This became the first memoir of a black slave whose autobiography has been recognized by the public and continued being interesting for millions of people far after its author’s death. â€Å"I had often seen my master and Dick employed in reading: and I had a great curiosity to talk to the books as I thought they did, and so to learn how all things had a beginning. For that purpose I have often taken up a book, and have talked to it, and then put my ears to it, when alone, in hopes it would answer me; and I have been very much concerned when I found it remained silent. † (Equiano 112). These words can be taken out as the main thesis of the research: Equiano showed with all his life that each person, even a slave, is able to reach many significant things in his life. The main aim is to have a great curiosity in â€Å"how all things had a beginning† and strong will. And it is very important for human hearts not to â€Å"remain silent† to other people’s sorrows. There exists a certain problem regarding the authenticity of author’s text. The readers who have bought the Equiano’s book under the Allison’s edition must be aware of that fact that Allison has gathered different parts of Equiano’s autobiography which hasn’t been published by the author. A great deal of text is submitted by Allison, not Equiano. For example, the place in narrative in which Equiano gives references to his marriage. But a few pages earlier Equiano says he is free. Equiano changed the earlier passage when having added the relation to his marriage in 1792 in order to preserve the right cronology. Allison hasn’t taken into consideration that fact. Therefore, it can be seen that the chronology hasn’t been observed in Allison’s edition. Within such a vision the Equiano’s book becomes even more mystical. It sounds like a far and vague voice perceived through another author’s interpretation. Nevertheless, despite of some discrepancies in Allison’s interpretation of Equiano’s narration, the latter remains a masterpiece of African literature. As it was already mentioned, the book in case became a sensation in the literature of that time as that was the first book written by a black man that has been edited. But there are many other points in favor of Equiano’s book. One of them is that this book became a sample of new literature genre – a kind of social protest expressed in a very original way. There are no direct appeals for stopping the slavery in Africa by Africans but at the same time Equiano’s book is a burning request for ending the enslavement of Africans by other nations’ representatives. â€Å"I believe there are few events in my life that have not happened to many† –you can find these words in Equiano’s autobiography as well. Those events are the kidnapping of l1-year-old Equiano and his serving to European slave traders. His book isn’t a result of imagination but proper author’s experiences. Equiano was a member of Ibo nation which resided in Nigeria. When Equiano was eleven he was kidnapped by slave traders together with his sister. He was brought to Virginia and was sold to Michael Pascal there. Pascal changed Equiano’s name to Gustavas Vassa (after a Swedish monarch from sixteenth century). Equiano has passed through many adventures before he bought his freedom in 1776. He continued traveling through American colonies after that but as he still was afraid to be recaptured he went to England where he had been working for Charles Irving – a scientist who was famous for his experiments with slat-water purification. Eqiano was traveling then over Italy, Turkey and even the Artic studying many sciences in the course of that. Equiano’s autobiography was first published in 1789. It was published in two volumes and was entitled â€Å"The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself†. The narrative was declared to be one of the most prominent slave narratives of that time. In this narrative one can find Equiano’s experiences which he acquired being on the board of the slave ship, working as a gunpowder carrier in the Mediterranean or as a barber while going on as a sailor. Thanks to all of those great talents and skills got by himself in the course of his sated life, Equiano became a great intellectual of his age. His autobiography, besides being a brilliant pattern of autobiography, became a classic of the slave narrative genre. Equiano has described his adventures in a very vivacious manner. Besides, his book has been released very timely – that time much attention was paid to negro–slavery society. Equiano’s book became one point in favor of the general hatred that was rising against the West –India planters who had been noted to reveal horrible cruelties directed on their slaves. Speaking about ‘humanity’ in his book Equiano had several purposes in mind. First of all, he meant that the slavery is inhuman. Equiano represents it as a cruel business which results in a great deal of human misery. Of course, Equiano calls for the elimination of slavery in his autobiography. But he tries to reveal the most horrible thing that is the base of European slave traders’ attitude to the African nations. That is the anti-racist idea which was rather a wide-spread one in England of eighteen century. According to this idea African were not fully human beings. Equiano’s book is a great plea for the dissolving of this terrible myth in human’s minds. With a great talent he described a life of a man who had been a victim of that myth -his own life. Taking into consideration the anti-racist intentions of Equiano’s autobiography, there are no denying facts that his book is a considerable political writing as well. A slave wrote a politically considerable book –that is the main Equiano’s paradox of that time which made human’s hearts to pay more attention to the miserable situation of Africans. A black boy, kidnapped by European traders and grew up among them, taught everything he could and wrote a kind of black self-presentation with a strong political meaning. The writing that book was a real feat by Equiano. He was brave enough to create his autobiography after having lived all that through by himself. That was a real proof of that African people were not only â€Å"fully human† beings but they were a great nation whose aspiration for freedom was not less than of any other nation of the world. Olaudah Equiano’s life is a brilliant example of human’s will in its most prominent expression – willing to be free. By that time not too many of slavers’ narrations had appeared. Those were mostly oral narrations by a slave which were gathered by white scientists. Equiano’s narrative was different from those ones. It was different not only because of his writing skills but, first of all, because he has written it by himself and, moreover, he published it by himself. He published it by subscription and by that way he forced many people to pay for his book in advance. Among those people the Prince of Wales and a range of dukes were. Another strong act by Equiano was that he not only had published the book but went on promoting it. He carried out a range of lections in England, Scotland and Wales. By promoting his book he was promoting at the same time the abolition of slavery. He was present at the lections arranged by local abolition committees in many regions. Thus, Equiano managed not only to convert his autobiography in anti-slavery document but converted his whole life into anti-slavery movement. As one can see, the poor slave kidnapped and grown up in slavery resulted to be a wonderful author, publisher, producer and political figure. He showed how an ordinary autobiography of a slave may convert into a strong social and even political movement. Equiano‘s narrative was proclaimed by many critics to be the most remarkable among the books by black writers of the 18th century. Arna Bontemps in his introduction to â€Å"Great Slave Narratives† (1969) characterized Equiano’s narrative as â€Å"the first truly notable book in the genre of the salve narrative†. Equiano became an entire historical epoch regarding the African culture. It has become the base of all African studies. His book will remain an eternal testimony of slavery as a shameful act of humanity. Equiano wrote the autobiography but his main aim was not to make his life famous but to show all the consequences which the violence and aggressiveness may have. The autobiography by Equiano is worth of reading because of many reasons. First of all, the personal skills of the author made his description colorful and dynamic. He managed to quickly learn the language, religion, law and commerce of his enslavers. Thus, he found the possibility to buy his freedom, find employment, travel the world, and become a legitimate advocate for abolition. The horrors that Equiano was forced to face didn’t not break him. He was able to win thanks to a combination of luck, intelligence, and hard work in his character. His ironic sense of humor in narrating his numerous adventures and roles in life indicates that he perceived himself as a survivor. He was aware of all the difficulties that could wait for him and nevertheless was ready to cope with them. In the beginning of narrative the goal of freedom is established, and he then expends all of his energy on attaining it. Equiano wrote his narrative after he had been converted to Christianity. Christianity means spiritual rebirth and this formula certainly was a strong point while structuring his story. It also caused an efficient influence on the readers’ minds. So, the spiritual author’s rebirth also influenced on Equiano’s writing – he wrote his autobiography according to the personal religious, spiritual changes. Equiano is often compared to Robinson Crusoe. Like the famous hero of Daniel Defoe he got into the foreign environment and managed to survive there and carry his will to freedom and happiness through all the difficulties of his outstanding life. That’s why Olaudah Equiano will always remain in human’s hearts as a symbol of freedom and powerful human will. And having passed many years hundreds of people when reading the â€Å"â€Å"The interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, Written by Himself† will say: â€Å"â€Å"Who are we looking for, who are we looking for? It’s Equiano we’re looking for. † Bibliography 1. Olaudah, Equiano. (Edited with an introduction by Robert J. Allison). The Interesting Narrative of the life of Olaudah Equiano, written by himself. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin’s Press, 1995. READ EXCERPTS from The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano . . . From Ch. 1: Description of Equiano’s Early Life and the Culture of his People Read online one of the first detailed descriptions ever published of a traditional African culture from the perspective of an African, which makes for interesting comparisons to Part I of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart. The Life of Olaudah Equiano (British Library: African Collections) Extract from: The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavus Vassa, The African. Written by Himself. London: Printed for and sold by the author, No. 10, Union-Street, Middlesex Hospital, [1789]. Vol. 1, Chapter 1, pp. 4-38: http://www. bl. uk/collections/africanolaudah. html From Ch. 2: â€Å"THEY†¦ CARRY OFF AS MANY AS THEY CAN SEIZE† â€Å"My father, besides many slaves, had a numerous family, of which seven lived to grow up, including myself and a sister, who was the only daughter. As I was the youngest of the sons, I became, of course, the greatest favourite of my mother, and was always with her; and she used to take particular pains to form my mind. I was trained up from my earliest years in the arts of agriculture and war; and my mother adorned me with emblems, after the manner of our greatest warriors. In this way I grew up till I was turned the age of eleven, when an end was put to my happiness in the following manner:–Generally, when the grown people in the neighbourhood were gone far in the fields to labour, the children assembled together in some of the neighborhood’s premises to play; and commonly some of us used to get up a tree to look out for any assailant, or kidnapper, that might come upon us; for they sometimes took those opportunities of our parents’ absence, to attack and carry off as many as they could seize. One day, as I was watching at the top of a tree in our yard, I saw one of those people come into the yard of our next neighbour but one, to kidnap, there being many stout young people in it. Immediately, on this, I gave the alarm of the rogue, and he was surrounded by the stoutest of them, who entangled him with cords, so that he could not escape till some of the grown people came and secured him. â€Å"But alas! ere long, it was my fate to be thus attacked, and to be carried off, when none of the grown people were nigh. One day, when all our people were gone out to their works as usual, and only I and my dear sister were left to mind the house, two men and a woman got over our walls, and in a moment seized us both; and, without giving us time to cry out, or make resistance, they stopped our mouths, and ran off with us into the nearest wood. Here they tied our hands, and continued to carry us as far as they could, till night came on, when we reached a small house, where the robbers halted for refreshment, and spent the night. We were then unbound; but were unable to take any food; and, being quite overpowered by fatigue and grief, our only relief was some sleep, which allayed our misfortune for a short time. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789). Rpt. Mintz, â€Å"A Son of Africa: Resources for Teachers†: http://www. newsreel. org/guides/equiano. htm [Corresponding to sections of 1814 ed. reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives p. 25. ] From Ch. 2: â€Å"A MULTITUDE OF BLACK PEOPLE†¦ CHAINED TOGETHER† â€Å"Olaudah Equiano vividly recounts the shock and isolation that he felt during the Middle Passage to Barbados and his fear that the European slavers would eat him† (â€Å"A Son of Africa†). The European slavers’ â€Å"complexions, differing so much from ours, their long hair and the language they spoke, which was different from any I had ever heard, united to confirm me in this belief [that Equiano â€Å"had got into a world of bad spirits and that they were going to kill me†]. Indeed, such were the horrors of my views and fears at the moment, that if ten thousand worlds had been my own, I would have freely parted with them all to have exchanged my condition with that of the meanest slave of my own country. When I looked around the ship and saw a large furnace of copper boiling, and a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their countenances expressing dejection and sorrow, I no longer doubted my fate. Quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck and fainted. When I recovered a little, I found some black people about me, and I believe some were those who had brought me on board and had been receiving their pay. They talked to me in order to cheer me up, but all in vain. I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men with horrible looks, red faces and long hair. They told me I was not . . . . I took a little [wine] down my palate, which, instead of reviving me as they thought it would, threw me into the greatest consternation at the strange feeling it produced, having never tasted such liquor before. â€Å"Soon after this, the blacks who had brought me on board went off and left me abandoned to despair. I now saw myself deprived of all chance of returning to my native country or even the least glimpse of hope of gaining the shore, which I now considered as friendly. I even wished for my former slavery in preference to my present situation, which was filled with horrors of every kind. . . .[Equiano was then â€Å"put down under the decks† and ] There I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life. With the loathesomeness of the stench and the crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste anything. I now wished for the last friend, Death, to relieve me. Soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me eatables and on my refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands and laid me across the windlass and tied my feet while the other flogged me severely. I had never experienced anything of this kind before. . . . If I could have gotten over the nettings, I would have jumped over the side, but I could not. The crew used to watch very closely those of us who were not chained down to the decks, lest we should leap into the water. I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating. This indeed was often the case with myself . . . . [Meeting some of his countrymen among the chained Africans below decks,] I inquired of these what was to be done with us. They gave me to understand we were to be carried to these white people’s country to work for them. I then was a little revived, and thought if it were no worse than working, my situation was not so desperate. But still I feared that I should be put to death, the white people looked and acted in so savage a manner. I have never seen among my people such instances of brutal cruelty, and this not only shown towards us blacks, but also to some of the whites themselves. One white man in particular I saw, when we were permitted to be on deck, flogged so unmercifully with a large rope near the foremast that he died in consequence of it, and they tossed him over the side as they would have done a brute. This made me fear these people the more, and I expected nothing less than to be treated in the same manner. . . . I asked [my countrymen] if these people had no country, but lived in this hollow place [the ship]? They told me they did not but came from a distant land. ‘Then,’ said I, ‘how comes it that in all our country we never heard of them? ‘ They told me because they lived so far off. I then asked where were their women? Had they any like themselves? I was told they had. ‘And why do we not see them’ I asked. They answered, ‘Because they were left behind. ‘ I asked how the vessel could go? They told me they could not tell, but there was cloth put upon the masts by the help of the ropes I saw, and then vessels went on, and the white men had some spell or magic they put in the water when they liked in order to stop the vessel when they liked. I was exceedingly amazed at this account, and really thought they were spirits. I therefore wished much to be from amongst them, for I expected they would sacrifice me. But my wishes were in vain–for we were so quartered that it was impossible for us to make our escape. † â€Å". . . .At last, when the ship we were in had got in all her cargo, they made ready with many fearful noises, and we were all put under deck, so that we could not see how they managed the vessel. . . . The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time†¦ some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air. But now that the whole ship’s cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number of the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations so that the air became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died–thus falling victims of the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, which now became insupportable, and the filth of the necessary tubs [toilets] into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable. Happily perhaps for myself, I was soon reduced so low that it was necessary to keep me almost always on deck and from my extreme youth I was not put into fetters. In this situation I expected every hour to share the fate of my companions, some of whom were almost daily brought upon the deck at the point of death, which I began to hope would soon put an end to my miseries. Often did I think many of the inhabitants of the deep much more happy than myself. I envied them the freedom they enjoyed, and as often wished I could change my condition for theirs. Every circumstance I met with, served only to render my state more painful and heightened my apprehensions and my opinion of the cruelty of the whites. . . .† â€Å"One day, when we had a smooth sea and moderate wind, two of my wearied countrymen who were chained together (I was near them at the time), preferring death to such a life of misery, somehow made through the nettings and jumped into the sea. Immediately another quite dejected fellow, who on account of his illness was suffered to be out of irons, followed their example. I believe many more would very soon have done the same if they had not been prevented by the ship’s crew, who were instantly alarmed. Those of us that were the most active were in a moment put down under the deck, and there was such a noise and confusion among the people of the ship as I never heard before to stop her and get the boat out to go after the slaves. However, two of the wretches were drowned, but they got the other and afterwards flogged him unmercifully for thus attempting to prefer death to slavery. . . . I can now relate, hardships which are inseparable from this accursed trade. Many a time we were near suffocation from the want of fresh air, which we were often without for whole days together. This, and the stench of the necessary tubs, carried off many. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789). Rpt. Mintz, â€Å"A Son of Africa: Resources for Teachers†: http://www. newsreel. org/guides/equiano. htm [Corresponding to sections of 1814 ed. reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives pp. 33-34; 35-36. ] Carey also reprints online Extracts from Equiano’s Narrative, Ch. 2: â€Å"Boarding a Slave-Ship†: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract2. htm â€Å"The Middle Passage†: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract3. htm From Ch. 2: â€Å"DREAD AND TREMBLING† Olaudah Equiano offers a first-hand account of his arrival in the West Indies in 1756 (â€Å"A Son of Africa†). [Arrival at â€Å"the island of Barbadoes† in the Caribbean:] â€Å"As the vessel drew nearer, we plainly saw the harbor and other ships of different kinds and sizes and we soon anchored amongst them off Bridgetown. Many merchants and planters came on board . . . . They put us in separate parcels and examined us attentively. They also made us jump, and pointed to the land, signifying we were to go there. We thought by this we should be eaten by these ugly men, as they appeared to us. When soon after we were all put down under the deck again, there was much dread and trembling among us and nothing but bitter cries to be heard all the night from the apprehensions. At last the white people got some old slaves from the land to pacify us. They told us we were not to be eaten, but to work, and were soon to go on land, where we should see many of our country people. This report eased us much, and sure enough, soon after we landed, there came to us Africans of all languages. â€Å"We were conducted immediately to the merchant’s yard, where we were all pent up together, like so many sheep in a fold, without regard to sex or age. As every object was new to me, everything I saw filled me with surprise. What struck me first was that the houses were built with bricks and stories, and in every respect different from those I had seen in Africa, but I was still more astonished to see people on horseback. I did not know what this could mean, and indeed I thought these people were full of nothing but magical arts. While I was in this astonishment, one of my fellow prisoners spoke to a countryman of his about the horses who said they were the same kind they had in their country. I understood them, though they were from a distant part of Africa and I thought it odd I had not seen any horses there; but afterwards when I came to converse with different Africans, I found they had many horses amongst them, and much larger than those I then saw. â€Å"We were not many days in the merchant’s custody, before we were sold after their usual manner . . . On a signal given, (as the beat of a drum), buyers rush at once into the yard where the slaves are confined, and make a choice of that parcel they like best. The noise and clamor with which this is attended, and the eagerness visible in the countenances of the buyers, serve not a little to increase the apprehension of terrified Africans . . . . In this manner, without scruple, are relations and friends separated, most of them never to see each other again. I remember in the vessel in which I was brought over†¦ there were several brothers who, in the sale, were sold in different lots; and it was very moving on this occasion, to see and hear their cries in parting. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African (London, 1789). Rpt. Mintz, â€Å"A Son of Africa: Resources for Teachers†: http://www. newsreel. org/guides/equiano. htm [Corresponding to sections of 1814 ed. reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives pp. 37-38. ] At this point in Ch. 2 of the Narrative, Equiano passionately addresses his European enslavers: â€Å"O, ye nominal Christians! might not an African ask you, ‘learned you this from your God, who says unto you, Do unto all men as you would men should do unto you? Is it not enough that we are torn from our country and friends, to toil for your luxury and lust of gain? Must every tender feeling be likewise sacrificed to your avarice? Are the dearest friends and relations now rendered more dear by their separation from the rest of their kindred, still to be parted from each other, and thus prevented from cheering the gloom of slavery, with the samll comfort of being together, and mingling their sufferings and sorrows? Why are parents to lose their children, brothers their sisters, or husbands their wives? Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery. † –From Ch. II of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano or Gustavus Vassa the African, 1814 ed. as reprinted in Gates, The Classic Slave Narratives p. 38. Read all of Chapter 2 of Equiano’s Autobiography online courtesy of Africans in America (WGBH/PBS Online): http://www. pbs. org/wgbh/aia/part1/1h320t. html â€Å"The Abuse of Slaves in the West Indies† Read Ch. 5 excerpt from â€Å"Olaudah Equiano: The Life of Gustavus Vassa† courtesy of World Civilizations (Washington State Univ. , 1996, 1999): http://www. wsu. edu:8000/~dee/Equiano. html More selections, also available on the Washington State Univ. web, courtesy of Reading About the World, Vol. 2; ed. Paul Brians and others, Harcourt Brace Custom Books: http://www. wsu. edu:8080/~wldciv/world_civ_reader/world_civ_reader_2/equiano. html â€Å"Equiano Gains his Freedom† Read Ch. 7 excerpt, courtesy of Brycchan Carey: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract4. htm â€Å". . . Equiano’s account of his own manumission in 1766. Equiano’s owner, the Philadelphia Quaker Robert King, had in 1765 promised Equiano that he could buy back his own freedom if he ever raised the sum of forty pounds, the price King had himself paid for Equiano. King, who conducted much of his business from the island of Montserrat in the Caribbean Leeward Islands, put Equiano to work on one of his ships. Fortunately for Equiano, this meant that he could earn the money by petty trading, an activity in which he received some encouragement from the ship’s ‘friendly captain’; Thomas Farmer† (Carey). â€Å"The Case Against the Slave Trade† Read Ch. 12 excerpt, courtesy of Brycchan Carey: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/extract5. htm â€Å". . . Equiano’s arguments against the slave trade, in particular, his argument that the trade did not make sound economic sense† (Carey). A 1789 REVIEW of Equiano’s Narrative From the beginning, The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African. Written by Himself was a bestseller, in such demand that it experienced some fifteen editions, and attracted reviews in the leading journals of the time. One favorable 1789 review that appeared in London’s The Monthly Review is reprinted here: â€Å"A Review of The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, or Gustavas Vassa, the African. † The Monthly Review [London] Vol. LXXX, 1789, p. 55152. Gale Literature Resource Center [Online Subscription Database]. The Gale Group, 2004. Central Oregon Community College Library, Bend, OR. 17 August 2004. [NOTE: Gale Literature Resource Center subscription database articles are available online to COCC students!! ] Among aspects of the above 1789 review to notice, is the fact that the anonymous reviewer addresses the question of the â€Å"authenticity† of Equiano’s â€Å"very intelligent† Narrative, suggesting â€Å"that some English writer† may have assisted Equiano in the â€Å"compilement, or, at least, the correction of his book: for it is sufficiently well written. † SIGNIFICANCE OF EQUIANO’S SLAVE NARRATIVE â€Å"The slave narrative is a polemical genre; it makes no bones about it. † –Anthony Appiah, quoted in Ferguson (249). Brycchan Carey outlines the political goals of Equiano’s slave narrative in â€Å"Olaudah Equiano: A Critical Biography†: http://www. brycchancarey. com/equiano/biog. htm According to Carey, to show that a black African had abilities equal to a white European is one implicit political goal encompassed by Equiano’s statement early in his autobiography: â€Å"‘If it affords any satisfaction to my numerous friends, at whose request it has been written, or in the smallest degree promotes the interest of humanity, the ends for which it was undertaken will be fully attained, and every wish of my heart gratified. ‘ When Equiano refers to ‘humanity’ he seems to have several things in mind. Firstly he of course means that slavery is inhumane in that it is a cruel business resulting in a great deal of human misery. He is calling for its abolition. But as well as the overt anti-slavery agenda there is a more subtle anti-racist project going on to dispel some of the racist myths current in eighteenth-century England. Amongst these was an increasingly widespread myth that Africans were either not fully human or were of a less developed branch of humanity. Part of Equiano’s project is to dispel this myth entirely by showing the world that he, in common with all human beings, is quite capable of writing a fine book describing a life which would be considered extraordinary and full of talent and seized opportu.

A Literature Analysis Essay

Joyce Carol Oates attributes the creation of â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been? † to Bob Dylan’s â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue† and the article she read â€Å"about a killer in the American Southwest†, she also considered â€Å"the legends and folk songs connected with the subject of â€Å"Death and the Maiden†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ when creating this story (Latta 1). Oates was well known for writing about â€Å"the spiritual, sexual, and intellectual decline of modern American society† writing about such issues as suicide, rape and murder (eNotes. com, sect.2). Oates was also interested in exploring the various aspects of adolescence through her writing (Schwartz, 1). Critics have widely argued over the influences of â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been? † and the true identity of Arnold Friend. Little attention has been given to the music incorporated into the story and the obvious similarities of the antagonist, Arnold Friend to legendary singer, Bob Dylan. This essay will explore Bob Dylan’s musical influence on â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been? † by interpreting the song, â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue† and the similarities between the two as well as identifying physical characteristic similarities between Dylan and Friend. Oates dedicated this story to Bob Dylan; which gives interpreters of this story just cause to assume Dylan’s music during the 1960s greatly influenced the characters and scenes of â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been? † Critics however do not agree as to who Arnold Friend represents. Most critics feel that Arnold represents the devil and evil, such as Joyce Wegs’ and Marie Urbanski who argue that Arnold is evil and his outward appearance represents the devil. Some critics however feel that Arnold represents a religious or cultural savior (Jordan). It is unrealistic to think that Arnold Friend is any savior such as Mike Tierce and John Michael Crafton suggest in â€Å"Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† (Jordan). It seems most likely that Arnold is a creation of Oates which had the appearance of Bob Dylan because she was inspired by him which many critics have already noted. Another argument made by a small portion of critics is that Arnold didn’t really exist but was rather a figment of Connie’s imagination such as McConnell states in â€Å"Connie’s Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend† where he writes, â€Å"Connie is the framer, the story creator—and the diabolic traces in her fiction frighten her not because they are the manifestations of an outside evil but because they are the symbolic extrapolations of her own psyche† (1). There is no reason to think that Connie, a fifteen year old girl would imagine such a threatening older person. When Connie daydreams, she thinks of â€Å"the caresses of love† and boys such as the one she met the night before Arnold Friend showed up at the door. Connie daydreamed about â€Å"how nice [the boy] had been†, and Connie continues thinking of how sweet being with this boy had been. She related her experience to be like the movies and the way it was â€Å"promised in songs† (339). Connie was a young girl living her life according to the music, and she would not have daydreamed something as threatening and terrifying as Arnold Friend. While critics may disagree to what Arnold represents; there is significant evidence that Arnold was created to look, but not necessarily be, Bob Dylan. Arnold Friend’s physical description is that of Bob Dylan’s appearance in the 1960s. Oates makes reference to the radio DJ, Bobby King, which is in â€Å"reference to â€Å"Bobby† Dylan, the â€Å"king† of rock-and-roll† (McConnell, 1). McConnell also supports the theory that Arnold looks like Bob Dylan, with his â€Å"shaggy, shabby black hair that looked crazy as a wig,† (Oates, 340) his â€Å"long and hawk-like nose,† (Oates, 342) and his unshaven face. Arnold also had â€Å"big and white† teeth, his lashes, â€Å"thick and black as if painted with a black tar-like material† (Oates, 344) and his size, â€Å"only an inch or so taller† (Oates, 341) than Connie are all characteristic of Bob Dylan. Arnold â€Å"spoke in a fast, bright monotone† voice which â€Å"is also ‘suggestive of Dylan, especially since he speaks’ â€Å"in a simple lilting voice, exactly as if he were reciting the words to a song†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Oates, 342) (McConnell, 1). When Connie became suspicious of his age, before she realized the danger she was in, small clues confirmed her feelings that he was indeed an older man. He used a mix of slang â€Å"as if he were running through all the expressions he’d learned but was no longer sure which of them was in style†. Arnold used his lyrical voice and pieces of lyrics from songs to confuse, comfort and then scare Connie. Connie recognized many of the lyrics used. Michael Kapper accurately portrays the influence of music in Connie’s life. Kapper writes, Rock’n’roll music is a constant presence in Connie’s life. At the drive-in, the background music is â€Å"something to depend on† (Oates, 337), and on Sunday afternoon, with no drive-in and no boys around, the music itself gives Connie joy. This omnipresence is even noteworthy in the music’s absence (1). It is important to decipher the similarities between â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been? † and Bob Dylan’s â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue†. While there are several other songs that are similar to the overall theme of Oates’ story, â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue† has substantial similarities and support from several critics. The reoccurring lyric in â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue† (Dylan) is â€Å"†¦it’s all over now†. Arnold Friend spends the majority of the time at Connie’s house explaining to her that her life as she knows it is over; at the end he says â€Å"it’s all over for you here, so come out† (349). Connie and her friend were very trusting and unaware of the consequences of their actions. Connie and friend risked crossing the highway to be able to act like adults, and â€Å"†¦listen to the music that made everything so good† (337). Dylan sings of the risks of living on the edge in â€Å"It’s all Over Now, Baby Blue†, warning that â€Å"the highway is for gamblers, better use your sense† (7). Connie gambles with her life both by crossing a busy highway and by trusting people she does not know. Arnold tells Connie that her time in her home was over, telling Connie, â€Å"†¦they don’t know anything about you and never did and honey you’re better than them because not a one of them would have done this for you† (Oates, 350). Arnold also makes himself look as if he is a saint saving Connie from her family who does not understand her. This is also present in â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue†, where Dylan sings â€Å"look out the saints are comin’ through† (5). Dylan sings that â€Å"The carpet, too, is moving under you† (17), this must be what Connie felt when she realized Arnold was a â€Å"forty-year-old baby† (Oates, 344) and when she realized that she would not see her mother or sleep in her bed again. In the final few verses of Dylan’s song it states; â€Å"leave your stepping stones behind, something calls for you. Forget the dead you’ve left, they will not follow you† (19. 20). Oates’ story echoes Dylan’s song. Connie is leaving her home where she has learned and grown such as stepping stones and she will never see her family again; whether she dies or must stay with Arnold Friend against her will is personal interpretation. Arnold Friend however made it clear that she would not return. It is evident from the wealth of literary analyses that Joyce Carol Oates’ story â€Å"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been? † will continue to have mixed interpretations of its characters, influence and overall theme. It is undeniable however, from Oates’ dedication of the story to Bob Dylan and the overwhelming similarities of â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue† to Oates’ story that both the story and Oates was heavily influenced by Bob Dylan visible in both the antagonist’s characteristics, the choice of words and the overall importance of music to the characters and theme of the story. References â€Å"It’s All Over Now, Baby Blue†. Lyrics. Sony NY BMG Music Entertainment. (2007). 31 August 2007 Jordan, Tonia. â€Å"Who Is Arnold Friend? † Ezinearticles. com. (2006). 1 September 2007 Kapper, Michael, C. â€Å"A Virgin in the Backseat Smoking Hash: Joyce Carol Oates’s â€Å"Where are You Going, Where Have You Been? † The Joyce Carol Oates Papers. (1996). 1 September 2007 Latta, Alan, D. â€Å"Spinell and Connie: Joyce Carol Oates Re-Imagining Thomas Mann? † Connotations 9. 3 (1999/2000): 316-29. 31 August 2007. < ht tp://www. uni-tuebingen. de/uni/nec/latta93. htm> McConnell, Leigh. â€Å"Connie’s Tambourine Man†. Blog. (2007). 31 August 2007. http://conniestambourineman. blogspot. com/2007/07/connies-tambourine-man. html â€Å"Oates, Joyce Carol: INTRODUCTION. † Short Story Criticism. Ed. Joseph Palmisano Project Editor. Vol. 70. Gale Group, Inc. , 2004. eNotes. com. 2006. 30 Aug, 2007 oates-joyce-carol> Schwartz, Aaron. The Story â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? † by Joyce Carol Oates. Ezinearticles. com. (2007). 30 August 2007 http://ezinearticles. com/? The-Story-Where-Are-You-Going,-Where-Have-You-Been? -by-Joyce-Carol-Oates&id=324443 Showalter, Elaine. â€Å"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? â€Å". Rutgers UP: New Jersey. (1994). 30 August 2007 http://jco. usfca. edu/where. html

Methods And Impacts Of Water Conservation Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is the individual most deciding factor of dwellers of any land, both measure and quality of life is determined by the sum of free H2O in being in or on the land. Water in Utah comes from three chief beginnings ; land H2O, springs and artesian Wellss, and surface H2O. Although H2O from some beginnings is clean plenty to imbibe straight, in order to make Utah H2O quality ordinances the H2O must be treated. Water that is used by Utah occupants can be captured and reused, nevertheless, it does come at a cost, and it might be merely excessively much for some to pay for. Water preservation makes it so that our supplies of H2O go farther. There are many different degrees of preservation possible through landscape gardening, residential and commercial patterns. By increasing the consciousness of H2O use, we can diminish the impact that is caused to our H2O system. If Utah occupants continue to utilize H2O as they do today, we will be in a drouth by the twelvemonth 2050. Without farther instruction and better advertisement and publicity of H2O preservation, our future coevalss will endure.Background of Water ConservationEarly Utah in 1847 Mormon colonists made rough dikes. The Salt Lake Valley was a desert so they needed to water in order to have H2O for their harvests. The primary H2O the early colonists received was from the Jordan River and canyon watercourses. Water jurisprudence started so when the colonists came to Utah ( Bowden P. 1 ) Water jurisprudence was called, â€Å" anterior appropriation † and gave permission for the first individual in clip to utilize the H2O foremost and back in clip to utilize it 2nd, etcetera. The H2O jurisprudence besides stated, â€Å" utilize it or lose it † , intending that if you do non utilize the H2O right in order that you were say to so you lost your privilege and had to reapply for H2O rights ( Bowden, p. 1-2, ) . This shows that even back when the province was originally settled there was demand for H2O preservation and for the H2O system to be organized. There is a big diverseness of rainfall over the province ; some topographic points receive every bit small as 5 inches and some every bit much as 60 inches yearly. Although we are the 2nd driest province in the United States, we have the 2nd best H2O use per individual in the US. Utah largely uses snowmelt to H2O and feed our fresh H2O systems that we have made to administer the H2O. Utah has an advanced and well-used irrigation system and Utah has figured out ways of hive awaying the H2O for later use through our dikes, reservoirs, and H2O armored combat vehicles ( The History of Utah Water, 2007 ) .Attempts to Reduce the ImpactConservationIn the article Why Conserve? ( 2012 ) it is stated that, â€Å" If Utahns can cut down per-capita ingestion of H2O by 25 % by 2050, they will conserve the equivalent of over 500,000 acre-feet of H2O per twelvemonth. That is more H2O than can be held in Jordanelle Reservoir and Deer Creek Reservoir combined, and more than any H2O undertaking in Ut ah has developed † Projections from Why Conserve? besides province that by the twelvemonth 2050 if Utah continues to utilize H2O at the rate we do, and if population growing continues to tendency like it has, Utah ‘s peak H2O use season will max out our H2O resources and do a drouth. As the population in Utah continues to turn, it is projected that by the twelvemonth 2050, Utah will max out its H2O resources ensuing in a drouth. By devouring 25 % less H2O, Utahns could salvage over 500,000 acre-feet of H2O per twelvemonth. For an illustration of how much H2O this is, combine the Waterss held in Jordanelle and Deer Creek Reservoirs. Using that much less H2O per twelvemonth will guarantee the handiness of H2O for old ages to come ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.conservewater.utah.gov/WhyConserve/ ) . A valuable manner to cut down the sum of H2O Utah abode usage is to roll up rainwater. Rainwater reaping is now, as of May 11th 2010, legal to reap ; nevertheless, a license must be obtained from the Division of Water Rights web page. There are a few restrictions in topographic point to do certain the H2O tabular array is adequately replenished ; merely one belowground 2500-gallon storage armored combat vehicle and two 100-gallon aboveground storage armored combat vehicles are allowed. The H2O collected can non be used for all family uses, but for smaller things like irrigating gardens and lawns, rinsing autos and other outdoor usage ( Jenkins, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to www.rules.utah.gov greywater is defined as, â€Å" untreated effluent, which has non come into contact with lavatory waste. Greywater includes effluent from bathing tub, showers, bathroom washbowls, apparels rinsing machines, wash bath, etc. , and does non include effluent from kitchen sinks, exposure lab sinks, dish washers, garage floor drains, or other risky chemicals † ( Rule R317-401, 2012 ) . A A A A A A Greywater is legal to capture and to utilize but the Torahs are really specific and rigorous on every facet of greywater. There are several pages of ordinance and authorizations on the particulars of the jurisprudence of greywater capturing. The storage armored combat vehicle has to be 250 gallons or more, the armored combat vehicle can be above land if it is placed on a four inch midst, sealed, leveled slab of cement. The armored combat vehicle has to be fitted with several valves, adjustments, pipes, and gages that all have to be accessible for review. The greywater can merely be used in belowground infiltration methods that have a batch of criterions and specifications to continue. Dirt that the H2O is used on has to let certain sums of H2O through at a specific rate and it must be off from many possible jeopardies like: watercourses, rivers, veggies in a garden can non come in direct contact, edifices, houses, H2O tabular array and more. In the terminal, it is non wor th the clip, fuss, or money to roll up greywater. ( Rule R317-401, 2012 ) .LandscapingLandscaping is one of the largest ingestions of H2O use. In Utah, most occupants use 60 % -70 % of their H2O on landscape gardening. During the winter months, H2O use is lower, but as spring and summer come around, H2O use can take a drastic addition. There are several methods that can be practiced to diminish the sum of H2O used on landscaping without enduring the peace and beauty that a garden can offer ( hypertext transfer protocol: //centralutahgardens.org/ ) . In an interview conducted with Casey Finlinson, the Assistant Conservation Horticulturist at the Central Utah Water Conservancy District ( personal communicating, 10/05/2012 ) , he explained how there are so many different ways we can conserve H2O in our landscape gardening picks. Xeriscape is frequently a pick we can utilize to assist cut down usage of H2O. At the Central Utah Water Conservancy Gardens, they prefer to mention to xeriscape as H2O efficient landscaping. This is because when people hear the word xeriscape, they confuse it hearing â€Å" nothing † flower stalk, acquiring the thought that means holding a pace filled stones, cactus, soil and really small to no grass. Even though xeriscaping and H2O efficient landscaping mean the same thing, people prefer to hear the later and seem to better associate to the broad possibilities that are available. In a survey done by the American Water Works Association over a five twelvemonth period of clip, the overall costs of xeriscaping was compared to the traditional methods of caring for sod. Residents who participated found a 30 % nest eggs in H2O use, an overall lessening in care cost clip as compared to those who maintained traditional landscape gardening. The construct of xeriscaping provides a delighting expression to a place, while utilizing H2O resources efficaciously ( Sovocool, Morgan & A ; Bennett, 2006 ) . To be effectual with H2O efficient landscape gardening, there are seven stairss to follow. The first measure involves the planning and design of your pace. As one designs their pace, they can take what best fits their demands and involvements while paying attending to inside informations such as H2O, infinite and visible radiation demands for each works. Planning is indispensable when taking a H2O wise landscape. The following measure involves analysing your dirt. Different types of dirt usage H2O otherwise. A flaxen dirt is more like a screen, while a clay type dirt holds H2O in. Blending mulch with your dirt can assist equally administer the H2O and following irrigating guidelines specific to the dirt type can guarantee proper H2O use ( hypertext transfer protocol: //centralutahgardens.org/7_steps.aspx ) . Plant choice is step three. When sing the Central Utah Water Conservancy Gardens, one may pick up a booklet that lists all the workss that are turning in the garden. While walking through and acquiring thoughts, you can tag the box next to the works which you are interested in. Knowing what types of workss best suite the dirt and clime demands is of import. Choosing practical sizes for lawn countries and type of grass to utilize is step four ( hypertext transfer protocol: //centralutahgardens.org/7_steps.aspx ) . Once workss and grass are chosen, concentrating on how to H2O everything expeditiously is step five. There are assorted types of scattering systems and drip irrigating systems that can present H2O efficaciously to want topographic points. Knowing how frequently and how much H2O to utilize can assist workss develop a deep root system, giving them strength to last through times of drouth or utmost heat. Step six suggests utilizing about three inches of mulch around bushs and workss because this helps to maintain H2O from vaporizing while maintaining workss cool ( hypertext transfer protocol: //centralutahgardens.org/7_steps.aspx ) . The concluding measure of a H2O efficient landscape is to pattern proper pace attention. Regular care and pruning helps maintain workss healthy. Monitoring workss for disease and insects and detecting dirt conditions can cut down the emphasis on workss, guaranting their wellness and ability to use the H2O. With proper planning, seting and attention we are able to use our H2O resources more sagely ( hypertext transfer protocol: //centralutahgardens.org/7_steps.aspx ) . There are besides other methods which can be followed to continue our H2O supply. These illustrations come from the Mono Lake community. Mono Lake supplies Los Angeles, California with the bulk of its H2O. The lake was being depleted so rapidly to the point of about being dried up, attempts were enacted to refill the H2O supply and educate the community. Now the lake is keeping the same degree it was in 1970 despite the drastic growing of over 1 million people in the encompassing country. Puting lawn mower blades one notch higher, rinsing autos on the lawn, and non irrigating on overcast/rainy yearss can salvage an norm up to 1500 gallons of H2O each month. Even by brushing the private road alternatively of hosing it down can salvage more than 600 gallons a month. By doing little attempts to salvage a small H2O, the H2O beginnings communities draw from will be more capable of functioning us to run into our hereafter needs ( Mono Lake, 2012 ) .In Residential HomesWater preservation ma kes it so that our supplies of H2O go farther. Besides, when you use less H2O it makes for less work for the H2O intervention installations, which in bend makes it so that less energy is used. Conserving H2O besides saves energy. When a individual uses less hot H2O they save on H2O warming. There are so many good ways to conserve H2O around everybody ‘s house ( Mono Lake, 2012 ) .Conservation in the bathroomMake certain your lavatory is an ultra-low flower theoretical account, which uses merely one and a half gallons per flower. If you ‘re taking a shower, do n't blow cold H2O waiting for hot H2O to make the showerhead. Catch that H2O in a container to utilize on your outside workss or to blush your lavatory. Saves 200 – 300 gallons a month. Check lavatory for leaks. Put dye tablets or nutrient colouring into the armored combat vehicle. If colour appears in the bowl without blushing, there ‘s a leak that should be repaired. Saves 400 gallons a month. Turn off the H2O while brushing your dentitions. Saves three gallons each twenty-four hours. Turn off the H2O while shaving. Fill the underside of the sink with a few inches of H2O to rinse your razor. Saves three gallons each twenty-four hours.Conservation in the kitchenIf you wash dishes by manus – and that ‘s the best manner – do n't go forth the H2O running for rinsing. If you have two sinks, make full one with rinse H2O. If you merely have one sink, utilize a spray device or short blasts alternatively of allowing the H2O tally. Saves 200 – 500 gallons a month. When rinsing dishes by manus, use the least sum of detergent possible. This minimizes rinse H2O needed. Saves 50 – 150 gallons a month. Keep a bottle of imbibing H2O in the icebox. This beats the uneconomical wont of running tap H2O to chill it for imbibing. Saves 200 – 300 gallons a month. Do n't deice frozen nutrients with running H2O. Either program in front by puting frozen points in the icebox overnight or deice them in the microwave. Saves 50 – 150 gallons a month. Do n't allow the spigots run while you clean veggies. Rinse them in a filled sink or pan. Saves 150 – 250 gallons a month. Use the refuse disposal less and the refuse more ( even better – compost! ) Saves 50 – 150 gallons a month. Mono Lake, 2012 A batch of people believe that taking a shower alternatively of a bath conserves H2O, even many H2O and energy environmentalists frequently say this. This is non needfully true, it truly depends on what sort of showerhead is being used. Other factors include if there is a â€Å" flow restrictor † in the showerhead and how long you shower. Most places that were built before 1992 do non hold a flow restrictor in the showerhead and if there is non one in the showerhead â€Å" opportunities are your showerheads put out about five gallons of H2O per minute ( gpm ) † ( Consumer energy, 2012 ) . If a showerhead does set out five gallons per minute so you would clock five by the figure of proceedingss you shower and that would be the sum of H2O being sent down the drain. On norm it takes 30-50 gallons of H2O to make full a bathing tub. Therefore, if a individual takes the mean 15 minute shower with an old showerhead it would be 75 gallons of H2O traveling down the drain. The showerheads with flow restrictors in them use about half the H2O of the old showerheads, hence, that same 15 minute shower with a flow restrictor would merely be 37.5 gallons traveling down the drain ( Consumer energy, 2012 ) . However, harmonizing to the Department of Energy â€Å" list the mean shower as devouring 12 gallons, † must be with the flow restrictor, â€Å" and the mean bath merely nine gallons of H2O ( Consumer studies, 2012 ) . I tested this nine gallon theory by mensurating out nine gallons of H2O into my bathing tub. I so measured how many inches this was and it was merely 2.25 inches high in my bath. This is non a sensible sum of H2O to take a bath in. Peoples from the Consumer Report say that 20 gallons for a bath is more sensible [ aˆÂ ¦ ] and that it is of import to hold a clip bound for showers and to utilize a â€Å" low-flow † showerhead ( Consumer studies, 2012 ) . A individual can prove to see the sum of H2O they use in a shower or a bath. They can stop up the bath when they shower and after they are done lavishing they can see how much H2O is in the bath. If this is more than they would utilize for a bath than they may be better off taking a bath, if it is less than they would utilize for a bath so it would do sense, preservation wise, for them to go on taking showers ( Consumer energy, 2012 ) . Low-flow showerheads are available that use merely 1.5 gallons of H2O per minute, every bit good as â€Å" shower timers † , although it has been said that the shower timers are non every bit conserving as the low-flow showerheads. The shower timers are more of a â€Å" behavioural tool † for people to utilize so that they may alter how they shower and push them toward preservation ( Consumer studies, 2012 ) . A twosome other preservation tips that one can make is to non shave in the shower and to turn the shower off while floging up. There are besides automatic spigots, automatic lavatories, and waterless urinals ( Yosemite, 2012 ) .Home versus commercial fixturesThe mean place bathroom spigot uses 2.2 gallons of H2O per minute, some low-flow place bathroom spigots can utilize every bit small as 1.5 gallons per minute ( Yosemite, 2012 ) . Commercial bathroom spigots have an mean set sum of half a gallon per minute when used with a half-gallon per minute aerator ( Yosem ite, 2012 ) . The mean lavatory that is non a low-flow lavatory uses about 4.5 gallons per flower, whereas the low-flow lavatories can utilize merely 1.6 gallons per flower ( Tampa gov. , 2012 ) . This is the best manner to conserve H2O through your lavatory. However, another manner to conserve through lavatories is to put in a â€Å" retrofitting flushometer † which is a tankless lavatory ( Tampa gov. , 2012 ) .Impacts of Water UsageWhere is imbibing H2O for Utah coming from?Utah ‘s H2O comes from several topographic points. The municipal H2O beginnings include groundwater, natural springs and artesian Wellss, and surface H2O. These beginnings of H2O are replenished largely by snowpack and the remainder by the other signifiers of precipitation. There are 18 municipal providers of H2O to Utah and 12 hydrologic basins which feed into these providers. Of the 951,901 acre-feet of H2O used in 2005, approximately 60 % was drinkable H2O and 40 % was non-potable H2O used by industry ( Munici pal and Industrial Water Supply and Use Studies, 2009 ) .How is Our Water Used?Water is indispensable to all signifiers of life, non merely for worlds. It provides many maps in the organic structure, such as temperature ordinance, to transport substances, and besides as a lubricator for articulations, variety meats, and tissues ( Wardlaw & A ; Smith, 2012 ) . Water, particularly big organic structures of H2O such as lakes and oceans, plays a major function in the Earth ‘s ecosystem and affects the clime and conditions of parts ( National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration [ NOAA ] , 2012 ) . Harmonizing to the National Climatic Data Center, the past 12 months ( October 2011-September 2012 ) have been Utah ‘s 11th driest twelvemonth since 1895. In one-year precipitation in the twentieth century, Utah averages merely 11.59 inches ( NOAA, 2012 ) . Fires, particularly wildfires, are a large concern in Utah since it is one of the driest provinces. Current twelvemonth to day of the month figures approximate that 420,000 estates have been burned by wildfires in Utah ( Year-to-date fires, 2012 ) . In add-on to other methods of contending these fires, aerial firefighting usage H2O from lakes and reservoirs to drop H2O bombs. Because of the demand to contend these fires, big H2O beginnings in Utah are really indispensable to snuff outing wildfires. Another importance of H2O to Utah is legion sums of organic structures of H2O which attract touristry, assisting to hike Utah ‘s economic system. Utah State Parks non merely have to concentrate on public safety for H2O diversion, but besides the protection of natural resources. The following amounts up the intents of the State Park ‘s Boating plan ( Boating instruction, n.d ) : Utah ‘s Boating Program aims to educate and inform boat operators about boating Torahs and regulations established to supply public safety and protect our natural resources on Utah ‘s waterways. Our attempts are funded through boat enrollment fees, province revenue enhancements on gasolene used in powerboats, and federal yachting safety grants. With an ever-increasing demand on Utah ‘s limited figure of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, leghorns must utilize their H2O diversion resources sagely. Harmonizing to Utah Foundation Research ( Making an oasis, 2002 ) , the largest H2O user in Utah is agribusiness, which accounts for 85 % of all H2O use. In Provo, Brigham Young University and Pacific States, a dramatis personae Fe pipe production works, are the largest users of H2O. Because of increased industrial and commercial H2O usage during the summer season, Provo metropolis has increased culinary H2O cost in order to promote H2O preservation. Those rates are at $ 0.884 per one 1000 gallons between the months of May and October. During other months, the rates are at $ 0.528 per one 1000 gallons. Ratess are increased during the summer season because H2O use is higher during that clip period due to agriculture and landscaping care. For a comparing of H2O use in summer months versus winter months in assorted communities, refer to Postpone A and Table B in the appendix. Since H2O is so cheap, an single household or place may non see a immense cost impact on their H2O measure if they conserve H2O. As such, places should concentrate more on the environmental impact instead than the fiscal impact of H2O preservation. ( T. Messick, personal communicating, October 16, 2012 ) .DecisionContinuing our H2O resources is necessary to prolonging life. In a study from Krumholz, Haugen and Lindquist ( 2005 ) , it is predicted by the United Nations Project that one out of three people in the universe will non hold adequate H2O to prolong life by the twelvemonth 2025. Some thoughts for continuing this critical resource include minimising pollution to fresh H2O beginnings and increasing the degree of consciousness among persons, groups and communities about the necessary demand to be aware of H2O use and saving. Some methods of H2O preservation include roll uping rain H2O, utilizing appropriate landscaping H2O methods, being mindful of how we use our H2O in our plac es and utilizing devices that help decrease the end product from H2O fixtures. As members of society take portion in cut downing the human impact that can take to H2O deficit, it will be easier to refill and keep the natural H2O beginnings we have available. AppendixTable A( Water rate constructions in Utah, 2005 )Table Bacillus( Water rate constructions in Utah, 2005 )

The century of a detective Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The century of a detective - Essay Example Some of the covered works in the book are Alphonese Bertillon, Scotland Yard, Doctor Crippen, Bernard Spilsbury and valentine day massacre among others. On the work by Alphonese Bertillon, the book looks at his contribution to Anthropometry. His contribution served as a great step in forensic science. The criminals could be identified by mug shot which is still used today in crime scene photography. The book is a great help in studying and applying forensic science. The book then gives details on how discovery of fingerprinting led to reduction of use in Bertillon work. Before the discovery of Bertillon system, the system used by Scotland Yard was chaotic. Use of finger prints in crime identification later overtook use anthropometry in forensics due to accuracy. One of the approaches that make the book resourceful is use of history to explain the development of forensic science. Another area that the book looks at is forensic medicine dealing with how a body decomposes toxicology and ballistics. One of the most compelling disciplines of forensic science that I found interesting was anthropometry. This was a discovery made by Bertillon who was an assistant clerk in the criminal records office of the Paris police department. His work mostly involved transferring criminal background data from various sources into standard forms. One of the problems that were in the system was that the arrestee physical descriptions were too vague. The offenders could use means of contorting their faces in an attempt to hide the identity. This is when he started to think of using measurement to classify a criminal. According to the book, no two human beings are alike physically in their measurements traits. The skeletal development even in identical twins differs to some degree. This leads to the success of Anthropometry. The idea by Bertillon was based on the fact that the skeletal structure of a living person is fixed from the age of twenty up to death. Personnel who deals with a nthropometry is well trained in biological variability, racial morphology and human osteology. The Anthropometric characteristics of an individual are related to sex, shape and form. Using this science of identification, the forensic expert is able to have a concise identity of the offender. The system allows the forensic expert to differentiate the degree of similarity or difference between the offenders. In some instances, anthropometry is used in identifying unknown variables. This occurs when examining the skeletal remains of a person. The forensic expert can estimate the age, sex, body build and ethnicity of a dead person based on the remains. Some of these details help in investigating the cause of death as deformities and fractures can also be accounted among others. One of the fields that have been closely associated with anthropometry is archeological science. This is due to the analysis that is done on the human body skeletal system. One of the most important knowledge tha t a forensic scientist must have is good skeletal biology. This helps in skeletal reconstruction in post mortem examination. Using the details collected from the examination and reconstruction, it becomes possible to know the cause of death. The field of anthropometry can be divided into to somatometry and osteometry. Somatometry deals with measurements taken from a living body and cadaver which include head to face. This is a vital tool in anthropometry as it is used in morphological variation. The branch is used in determining the age among the individuals. Osteometry includes measurements from the skeleton and its parts. Forensic scientists use this method in taking the measurements of the skeletal bones which includes the skull. This is the method has been successfully used in determini

Price Elasticity Of Demand Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Price Elasticity Of Demand - Term Paper Example There are two main reasons why we use percentages instead of absolute amounts. They are;  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ If absolute changes are used, the choice of units will be arbitrary affect the impression of the consumers’ responsiveness. (Lipsey R.G and Christal K.A2007pp66) For example, if the price of cereals changes from $10 to $9 and the quantity demanded changed from 60 to 100 packets. The coefficient of price elasticity of demand will be 40. It will be seen that consumers are very sensitive to price change and the demand will be elastic.   But if the monetary units are changed from dollars to pennies we see that change of 100 pennies causes a change of 40 packets of cereals.   This will falsely make people believe that demand is inelastic. To eliminate this problem percentage changes are used. (Lipsey R.G and Christal K.A2007pp66)  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ By using percentage, consumers’ responsiveness to price changes of different products can be easily compared. For example, if two prod ucts are taken i.e. cereals and computers. It is easier to compare the effects on quantity demanded of $1 increase in the price of a $300 computer and $1 dollar increase in the price of $1 soft drink.  Various interpretations of price elasticity of demand coefficient  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ When Ed>1, the demand is said to be elastic. This occurs when a specific change in price results in a larger percentage change in quantity demanded.(Mankiw N.G,1998p93) Graphically it can be illustrated as follows;

Supreme Court Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supreme Court - Essay Example The aim of this order which was named the Civilian exclusion order 34 of the US army was executed as a way to prevent these American-Japanese from committing espionage during the war time. Korematsu who is the plaintiff saw the execution of the order as being unconstitutional and being in violation of the Fifth Amendment. He therefore refused to move and was arrested and convicted. The case eventually reached the Supreme Court which ruled strongly in favor of the presidential executive order insisting that the rights of the plaintiff were minimal and hence of no significant compared to the Americans in general (Alonso 52). The issue that was being resolved by the Supreme Court was on whether to affirm or duly dismiss the conviction order of Korematsu based on violation of his constitutional rights and Fifth Amendment which were being violated. The decision of the court which was delivered by Justice Black and which had a 6-3 decision was the affirmation of the conviction order for Korematsu where it sided with the government about its national security and prevention of espionage. The reasoning of the court was not based on the constitutionality of the presidential executive order, the racial segregation or even the loyalty of the petitioner to the United States. It rather looked at the bigger picture which in this case was the safety of the citizens of the United States from espionage and further attacks from the Japanese. The court supported the government on this ruling as the people in the United States who were the majority compared to those who were American-Japanese needed protection from war and the negatives effects that accompanied war. The government had no certainty of the number of Japanese who were disloyal to the United States and loyal to the government of Japan and who could therefore aid their country in the war through trading secrets about the national defense. The military in charge of the exercise concluded